|
_chang gangs _
By: dylanmckay
chain gangs and convict labor The Truth About Chain Gangs and Convict Labor
Jeremy A. Greenfield English 101 Iowa Western Community College 11/16/98
Outline Thesis: From the early chain gangs to the prison industries of today,
prisoners have been used as labor in the United States. I. Definition A.
Definition of convict labor B. Definition of chain gangs and prison industries
II. Chain Gangs A. Early history B. Mid-history C. Decline D. Present E.
Curtis Brown III. Convict Labor A. Statistics B. Reasons for C. Reasons
against D. Other benefits E. Types of jobs IV. Main Points Restated A. Best
arguments for convict labor B. Best arguments against convict labor page 2
page 3 Prisons have been used as the way of punishment in the United States
since its beginning. Throughout the history of prisons, convicts have been
used as labor. The methods of labor, the number of laborers, and the arguments
for or against has constantly been changing. From the early chain gangs to the
prison industries of today, prisoners have been used as labor in the United
States. When people think of chain gangs, they usually think of people in
white and black stripes, being forced to work in a harsh environment. This was
often true. Employees, also called leasees , were in charge of the inmates.
They often treated the inmates brutally. The name chain gang probably comes
from the fact that the inmates were chained together at the legs to reduce the
chance of escape. (Reynolds 181) Inmates were often controlled by whips and
other harsh disciplines and punishments. People argued that the treatment was
just because of the increased chance of escape in chain gangs. (Reynolds 182)
People also thought that the chain gangs would deter crime, but studies show
that they failed to deter. (Brownstein 179) The living conditions were often
unsanitary, crowded, and poorly constructed. (Reynolds 182) These bad
conditions of the past have given the chain gang an extremely bad rap. The way
people view chain gangs has changed several times throughout their history in
the United States. The earliest history of chain gangs holds the cause for the
bad views of them. The public sees chain gangs as a racist part of the old
South. The first chain gangs began in England and the northern part of the
United States during the eighteenth century. (Reynolds 180) Even though chain
gangs were legal in almost every state, the South seemed to be the only region
using them. Some reasons for this include the bad climate of the North and the
publics thoughts against chain gangs. (Reynolds 183) Another reason why we
see the South as the source of chain gangs is because it was the region that
needed them the most. The South used chain gangs because after the Civil War
there was a labor shortage. The labor shortage and an escalation in crime
caused the South to begin leasing out convict labor. (Reynolds 180) It did not
take long for convict leasing to spread. After the Civil War the South had to
rebuild. That is why most of the states in the South had convict labor by
1875. The most common workers of the chain gang were county inmates who worked
on the roads. A large amount of repairs was needed to mend the roads that were
destroyed during the war. Many convicts were also leased out to farms in the
South to replace the slaves who were freed because of the Civil War. (Reynolds
180) The South was still a farming region with many large plantations that
needed workers. Southerners were accustomed to having cheap labor so convict
labor was thought as a good solution. There seemed to be no concern for
welfare of the convicts or the jobs of others. Nobody cared that chain gangs
were humiliating and degrading to inmates, which was against the eighth
amendment, preventing cruel and unusual punishment. (Brownstein 179) Early
chain gangs were used only for economic gain. Convicts made money page 4 which
helped to support themselves and were used as cheap labor. Rehabilitation was
not a concern back then. (Reynolds 181) Some people did worry about the bad
treatment of the convicts. Other people worried that convict labor took jobs
from average citizens. During the twenties workers in many jobs had decided to
form unions to protect their jobs from bad conditions. The unions that formed
in the early twentieth century also opposed the labor of chain gangs. The
unions concerns and the inhumane treatment caused the downfall of the convict
lease system in the South by 1920. (Reynolds 181) Private owners would no
longer be able to lease prisoners. During this time period cars and better
transportation was becoming important. The old lease system was replaced by
the commonly known public works system. The atmosphere of the country during
the Roaring Twenties caused chain gangs to be used on roads very often.
(Reynolds 181) This revival would soon fall to another problem. During the
mid-1930s the United States went into a severe depression. When the Great
Depression occurred many states passed laws to stop convict labor because it
took jobs from the public. ( Let the Prisoners Work 14) Jobs were scarce and
nobody wanted a convict to take a job. The percent of convicts working dropped
dramatically in only four decades. An escaped convict who wrote a book about
the chain gang helped show everyone the brutality of the chain gang. This,
along with new food-making technology helped cause another demise of the chain
gang in the 1940s. (Reynolds 183) With pressure from labor and business
interests, Congress had passed laws which dropped convict labor from
eighty-five percent in 1900 to forty-four percent in 1940. (Ingley 28) Those
numbers are still remarkably higher than the percentage of today. From the
1940s to today the percent of prisoners working steadily dropped. The number
of prisoners working has dropped from seventy-five percent in 1885 to almost
eight percent in 1995. ( Let the Prisoners Work 14) The nineties brought
about a new type of thinking over crime and how to punish perpetrators. The
public seems to be fed up with crime. Many Americans now believe that prisons
are not harsh enough to deter crime. (Reynolds 183) Some people think that
chain gangs will deter crime, but studies show that they fail to deter. With
longer sentences and more parole restrictions, people are staying in prison
longer, causing the population of prisons to quickly grow. (Brownstein 179)
Some people may argue though that no matter how harsh prisons become, they
will not be able to deter crime. The United States is now trying to bring back
chain gangs. (Reynolds 183) There are many reasons why people in the United
States want convicts to work. America is tired of paying for prisons and the
number of prisoners is growing so much that inmates are having to pay for
their prison stays. That is why Prisons extract money from their inmates by
charging for court costs, imposing medical co-payments, seizing prisoners
assets, garnishing prisoners wages, and pursuing former prisoners for the cost
of their incarceration. (Paventi 26) Prison officials were surveyed and were
found to believe that inmate work programs should be increased by 166 percent
and that inmates should pay at least three times more for their stay. (Ingley
28) It costs a page 5 large amount of money to build more room for the
increasing number of prisoners and the staff needed to watch them. Statistics
show that the prison population is growing faster than ever. The population in
prisons today is three-hundred percent more than it was in the seventies.
(Selke 1) Another statistic shows that the rate of increase is going to
continue to grow. By the year 2002 the inmate population is expected to
increase by another 43 percent. (M. O. Reynolds 58) Just the last eight years
has shown that the prison population is growing even when crime is going down.
The prison population has almost doubled to 1.2 million since 1990. ( Let the
Prisoners Work 14) The result is an increasing percentage of taxpayers money
going to cover the rising population. Prisons cost America twenty-five billion
dollars a year which is about two hundred and fifty dollars a year per family.
(M. O. Reynolds 58) To some people this proves the need for convict labor and
chain gangs, but there are still many reasons against them. Often chain gangs
were so unbearable that inmates tried to escape. A Virginia man who escaped
from a chain gang in 1956 was caught by bounty hunters. Curtis Brown had
served two of his ten year burglary sentence when he escaped on June 5, 1956.
Brown could not withstand the cruelty he went through in the chain gang. After
the escape he tried to live a normal life. The man had changed his name and
began raising a family with three children. When the bounty hunters caught
him, Brown had already been caught the prior year but had escaped. He seemed
to have a bad habit of trying to escape his punishment. He was caught last
year, but fled on bond. (Johnson 20) Those people that argue prisons are not
harsh enough, do not consider how much some people suffer. Brown is hurt from
asthma and high blood pressure. He also is missing a kidney after being a
victim of a mugging twenty years ago and he is also sightless in one eye. His
family is worried that the seventy-five year old man will die in prison.
(Johnson 20) Corrections cost the United States twenty-five billion dollars a
year, which gives a need for inmates to earn wages and help pay for the cost
of holding them. The problem is that this may be threatening the jobs of
average citizens. (Cohen 76) Even though unemployment is extremely low at this
time, people worry that the prison industries will take many jobs from the
uneducated and unskilled citizens. By charging inmates for prison-construction
costs, the public is happy their taxes are not going to prisoners. Tax payers
like the idea that we dont allow prisoners to profit from their crimes, says
Attorney General Frank. (Paventi 26) Something that many people do not know is
that once prisons charge inmates for a stay one year, that extra money is
automatically deducted from the next budget. Some institutions are finding
that it may cost them more to charge inmates for their stay. Some items that
prisoners need, they have to pay for. American prisoners usually have to pay
for their own toiletries, under wear, socks, cigarettes, and stationery. They
also have to buy more food than what they are served just to live. (Paventi
26). Some items like the cigarettes can be extremely expensive to get in
prisons. This has created severe problems of corruption in some prisons. page
6 A new way that some states are trying to save tax dollars is to charge for
all court costs. In Virginia if someone loses a jury trial, he or she must pay
for the whole trial. (Paventi 26) A man named Kenneth Stewart owes $57,756.20
for his trial. (Paventi 27) He needs some teeth pulled too, which he must also
pay for. (Paventi 26) This proves that inmates have to work. Since the inmates
are not protected by most laws they can be paid extremely low wages. The
amount of money inmates are paid is much lower than minimum-wage. At the
Minnesota correctional facility, entry-level workers take home about forty
cents per hour. (Cohen 76) With such low pay prisoners have to work long hours
to be able to afford the expensive items that they need to live. The biggest
concern with convict labor is whether or not it takes average citizens jobs.
Many people worry that convict labor will take jobs, but many of the tasks
prisoners do, will not affect American jobs. People worry about a few million
prisoners getting jobs while over twenty-seven million people on welfare are
being forced to find jobs and nobody seems to worry about them. (Paventi 27)
Most people do not realize unemployment is low at this time. Some benefits for
allowing prisoners to work include: enhanced mental health, reduced violence,
more family support, preserved marriages, and increased restitution to the
victims of crime. ( Let the Prisoners Work 14) Another good fact is that only
6.6 percent of convicts who worked in prisons had their parole revoked or were
charged with a crime during their first year of release. (M. O. Reynolds 58)
This is lower than the 10.1 percent of rearrest of prisoners who did not work
in prison. (M. O. Reynolds 58) Alabamas commisioner for prisons believes the
prison industries has made a life of luxury for the inmates. She thinks a
prison should be more harsh so it will deter future crimes. The problem is
that prisoners who do not work lose any hope and are more likely to be hostile
and later be rearrested. (Brownstein 179) Many experts agree with this view.
Ron Humphrey said that prisoners need to work so they will not go nuts .
Minnesota had one of the lowest rates of prison violence in the nation when
the inmates were working. ( Let the Prisoners Work 14) Maybe if we
concentrate on keeping the prisoners from returning, we would not have to
worry about our jobs being taken. Sometimes prison labor is not a good idea.
Some issues like security problems, high turnover, lack of skills, poor work
habits and remote prison locations can make prison labor more expensive. (M.
O. Reynolds 58) Another problem includes prejudices. Chain gangs are supposed
to be well integrated, but in Alabama it is common for a chain gang to be
ninety percent black. (Brownstein 179) The prison commissioner of Alabama
thought about putting women in chain gangs after male inmates filed a federal
lawsuit claiming discrimination. ( Great Moments in Penology 207) She almost
lost her job because nobody else wanted women on chain gangs. One way people
are trying to stop chain gangs is to prove that they are unconstitutional.
Some people believe that chain gangs are humiliating and degrading page 7 to
inmates, which is against the eighth amendment, preventing cruel and unusual
punishment. (Brownstein 179) Many prisoners are illiterate and have lower
Intelligence Quotients (IQ), which poses a problem. Some of the jobs that
inmates would do require a higher intelligence. Most people in prisons did not
make it far in school so they do not know how to do much. Some prisoners with
high IQs including counterfeiters, kidnappers, and drug smugglers may be
alright though. (M. O. Reynolds 58) The jobs inmates do vary, but long hours
seems to be common. Last year in Alabama over seven hundred medium security
prisoners were forced to work ten hours a day breaking rocks and picking up
trash along highways. If they are disobedient they are handcuffed to a post
with their arms raised in the air. (Brownstein 179) A prisoner named Ron
Humphey works an eight-hour day as a computer-systems manager and then works
another four hours after dinner. ( Let the Prisoners Work 14) This is much
better than sitting around doing nothing to him. When most prisoners work they
feel at least some sense of worth, which raises their spirit. For a long time
prisoners have worked, but most of their labor was for the government of
nonprofit agencies. This was done to prevent competition between inmates and
the American public. That is why prisoners are known for producing license
plates. Currently there are enough people making license plates so other jobs
are needed. Some major companies are involved in the one-hundred plus
companies that have thousands of inmate employees in twenty-nine states.
(Cohen 76) The jobs that prisoners now do varies greatly. Inmates in South
Carolina make lingerie for Victorias Secret and graduation gowns for
Jostens. Prisoners also wrap software for Microsoft and make electronic
circuit boards for IBM. (Cohen 76) Research has shown that the imprisonment
rates vary from state to state and among the many different countries. This
causes people to wonder what is being done different. (Selke 4) Nobody can
seem to figure out what is best for our prison system. There is no clear
answer to whether or not the United States should have convict labor. There
are several reasons that suggest we should have convict labor including: the
good emotional effect working has on inmates, the money taxpayers save because
inmates can pay for their stay, and the easier ability for inmates to find
jobs after prison. There are also many reasons to not have convict labor like:
the chance that convict labor will take jobs from average citizens, convict
labor may actually cost more, and the corruption and prejudice involved. This
issue will continue to be argued each year as prisons continue to grow. Works
Cited Brownstein, Rhonda. Chain Gangs are Cruel and Unusual Punishment.
Corrections Today. (April, 1996): 179. Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Cohen,
Warren. Need Work? Go to Jail. US News and World Report. December 9, 1996:
76-77 Great Moments in Penology. Fortune. (May 27, 1996): 207. Proquest.
Online. Internet. 1998 Ingley, Gwen Smith. Inmate Labor: Yesterday, Today,
and Tomorrow. Corrections Today. (February 1996): 28-31. Proquest. Online.
Internet. 1998 Johnson, John H. Man Who Escaped Virginia Chain Gang Back in
Jail After 42 Years. Jet. April 13, 1998: 20 Let the Prisoners Work: Crime
Doesnt Pay, But Prison Labor Can Benefit Everyone. Christianity Today.
(February 9, 1998): 14. Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Paventi, Christian.
Pay Now, Pay Later: States Impose Prison Peonage. . The Progressive. (July
1996): 26-30. Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Reynolds, Marylee N. Back on
the Chain Gang. Corrections Today. (April 1996): 180-184. Proquest. Online.
Internet. 1998 Reynolds, Morgan O. The Economics of Prison Industries: The
Products of Our Prison. Vital Speeches of the Day. (November 1, 1996): 58.
Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Selke, William L. Prisons in Crisis.
Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1993. page 8 Word
Count: 3000
Word Count: 3007
|
