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_Jefferson _
By: Anonymous
The third president of the United States, a diplomat, statesman, architect,
scientist, and philosopher, Thomas Jefferson is one of the most eminent
figures in American history. No leader in the period of the American
Enlightenment was as articulate, wise, or conscious of the implications and
consequences of a free society as Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was born
on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, a tobacco plantation in Virginia. His father,
Peter Jefferson, was a self-made success, and although uneducated he was a
very intelligent man. His mother, Jane Randolph was a member of one of the
most distinguished families in Virginia . Peter Jefferson died when Thomas was
14 and left him valuable lands and property. Denied a formal education
himself, he directed that his son be given complete classical training. He
studied with Reverend Mr. Maury, a classical scholar, for two years and in
1760 he attended William and Mary College. After graduating from William and
Mary in 1762, Jefferson studied law for five years under George Wythe. In
January of 1772, he married Martha Wayles Skelton and established a residence
at Monticello. When they moved to Monticello, only a small one room building
was completed. Jefferson was thirty when he began his political career. He was
elected to the Virginia House of Burgess in 1769, where his first action was
an unsuccessful bill allowing owners to free their slaves. The impending
crisis in British-Colonial relations overshadowed routine affairs of
legislature. In 1774, the first of the Intolerable Acts closed the port of
Boston until Massachusetts paid for the Boston Tea Party of the preceding
year. Jefferson and other younger members of the Virginia Assembly ordained a
day of fasting and prayer to demonstrate their sympathy with Massachusetts.
Thereupon, Virginia's Royal Governor Dunmore once again dissolved the assembly
(Koch and Peden 20). The members met and planned to call together an
inter-colonial congress. Jefferson began writing resolutions which were
radical and better written than those from other counties and colonies.
Although his resolutions were considered too revolutionary and not adopted,
they were printed and widely circulated and subsequently all important writing
assignments were entrusted to Jefferson. When Jefferson arrived in
Philadelphia in June, 1775, as a Virginia delegate to the Second Continental
Congress, he already possessed, as John Adams remarked, "a reputation for
literature, science, and a happy talent of composition" (Koch and Peden 21).
When he returned in 1776, he was appointed to the five-man committee,
including Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, which was charged with the most
momentous assignment ever given in the history of America: the drafting of a
formal declaration of independence from Great Britain (Daugherty 109).
Jefferson was responsible for preparing the draft. The document, was finally
approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. Cut and occasionally altered by Adams,
or Franklin, or the Congress itself, the Declaration is almost completely
Jefferson's, and is the triumph and culmination of his early career. At this
time, had he wanted to be a political leader, he could have easily attained a
position in government. Instead, he chose to return to Monticello and give his
public service to Virginia. Returning to the Virginia House of Delegates in
October 1776, Jefferson set to work on reforming the laws of Virginia. He also
proposed a rational plan of statewide education and attempted to write
religious toleration into the laws of Virginia by separating Church and State
by writing the "Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom." In June of 1779,
Jefferson was elected Governor of Virginia. He commenced his career as a
public executive, confident of his abilities, assured of the respect and
almost the affection of his commonwealth. However, he took up his duties at a
time when the British were raiding Virginia. General George Washington did not
have resources available to send to Virginia. Jefferson, during one of the
raids, narrowly escaped capture at the hands of the British troops; and the
legislators were forced to flee from their new capital city of Richmond.
Jefferson, as head of the state, was singled out for criticism and abuse. At
the end of his second term, he announced his retirement. General Washington's
approval of Jefferson's actions as Governor is in marked contrast to the
heated charges of dereliction of duty made by certain members of the
legislature. After Washington's approval the legislature passed a resolution
officially clearing Jefferson of all charges (Smith 134,135). Jefferson
returned home to Monticello in 1781, and buried himself in writing about
Virginia. The pages of text turned into a manuscript later known as the Notes
on Virginia. This book, rich in its minute analysis of the details of external
nature as in its clarification of moral political, and social issues, was read
by scientists of two continents for years to come (Smith 142). His wife, ill
since the birth of their last daughter, died in September 1782. In sorrow for
his wife, Jefferson declined numerous appointments. In June 1783, he was
elected as a delegate to the Confederation Congress where he headed important
committees and drafted many reports and official papers. He advocated the
necessity of more favorable international commercial relations, and in 1784,
compiled instructions for ministers negotiating commercial treaties with
European nations. In May 1784, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary of
the United States to assist Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, both of whom had
preceded him to Europe to arrange commercial agreements (Koch and Peden 24).
He traveled throughout Europe and every place he went, he was not only an
American diplomat, but a student of the useful sciences. He took notes on
making wine and cheese, planting and harvesting crops, and raising livestock.
He sent home to America information on the different cultures, the actual
seeds of a variety of grasses not native to America, olive plants, and Italian
rice. He remained in Paris until 1789 (Smith 170). Upon his return President
Washington asked Jefferson to be Secretary of State. Jefferson accepted the
post and found himself at odds with the Secretary of Treasury, Alexander
Hamilton. Jefferson thought that all of Hamilton's acts were dominated by one
purpose: to establish government by and for a privileged few. Jefferson
repeatedly thought of retiring from the cabinet post in which he was
constantly pitted against Hamilton, the most power-hungry man in the capital.
After negotiating the country's foreign affairs, Jefferson once again retired
to Monticello. During retirement, Jefferson supervised the farming of his
estates and designed a plow which revolutionized agriculture; he tended his
library like a garden; he changed the architectural plans for Monticello, and
supervised the construction. After three rather active years of "retirement",
Jefferson accepted the Republican Party's nomination in 1796 for President. He
lost by three votes, which under the prevailing system, meant he was elected
Vice President and the Federalist, John Adams, was elected president. The
Federalist Administration turned upon its political opponents by passing the
Alien Act, to deport foreign radicals and liberal, propagandists and
agitators, and the Sedition Act, to curb the press. The Sedition Act empowered
the Administration to fine, imprison, and prosecute any opposition writer and
thus the Republicans were muzzled in the remaining years of Adams'
Administration (Randall 523, 528). In 1800, Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran for
office. The electoral vote, in marked contrast to the popular vote, resulted
in a tie between Jefferson and Burr. The Federalists threatened Jefferson to
bargain with them or they would elect Burr. Jefferson, however, stood firm and
made no promises, until the Federalists gave up. As President, Jefferson's
first project was to remove the bias which had recently infected America. His
policy of general reconciliation and reform and his success in freeing the
victims of the Alien and Sedition laws were generally supported by a favorable
Congress (Randall 549). His popularity during his first term was greater than
at any time during his career. In this term he was confronted with the most
momentous problem of his career. Spain transferred to France its rights to the
port of New Orleans, and the stretch of land constituting the province of
Louisiana. Louisiana in the strong hands of the French rather than the weak
hands of Spain placed an almost overwhelming obstacle in the path of American
growth and prosperity. It was essential that America acquire the Louisiana
territory, either through peaceful negotiation or by war. When French dictator
Napoleon, suddenly offered to sell for $15,000,000 not only the port of New
Orleans but the entire fabulous slice of land from the Mississippi to the
Rockies, Jefferson was faced with the problem of taking the offer or wait for
a Constitutional amendment authorizing such an act. After tremendous strain,
Jefferson authorized the purchase (Smith 266). Thus his first term closed in a
blaze of glory when the people, united in their national good fortune, almost
unanimously sent Jefferson back for a second term. Busy as he was during these
years, Jefferson had found time to follow his favorite intellectual pursuits.
He had not only aided in establishing a National Library, but had made many
valuable additions to his own private collection. His second term was full of
difficulties. To avoid war, Jefferson promoted the Non-Intercourse Act of 1806
and the Embargo of 1807. The Embargo was heavily criticized and had not been
effective. To make matters worse, the domestic front was racked with
defections and desertions. When his term expired on March 3, 1809, he was
thrilled to be leaving politics and returning to Monticello (Mclaughlin 376).
Jefferson's daughter Martha said that in retirement her father never abandon a
friend or principle. He and John Adams, their earlier political differences
reconciled, wrote many letters. Jefferson frequently complained about the time
consumed in maintaining his ever increasing correspondence but he could not
resist an intellectual challenge or turn down an appeal for his opinion,
advice, or help, and continued to discuss with frankness and a brilliant
clarity such diverse subjects as anthropology and political theory, religion
and zoology (Koch and Peden 40). Jefferson's major concern during his last
years was education and educational philosophy. He considered knowledge not
only a means to an end, but an end in itself. He felt education was the key to
virtue as it was to happiness. He reopened his campaign for a system of
general education in Virginia. Through his efforts, the University of
Virginia, the first American University to be free of official church
connection, was established and was Jefferson's daily concern during his last
seven years (Koch and Peden 39). He sent abroad an agent to select the
faculty, he chose the books for the library, drew up the curriculum, designed
the buildings, and supervised their construction. The University finally
opened in 1825, the winter before his death. Despite his preoccupation with
the University, he continued to pursue a multitude of other tasks. In his
eightieth year, for example, he wrote on politics, sending President Monroe
long expositions later known to the world in Monroe's version as the Monroe
Doctrine (Daugherty 326). Among all his interests, there was one intrusion on
his time and thought which caused Jefferson endless embarrassment. His
finances, always shaky, finally collapsed. Jefferson had frequently advanced
money to friends who fancied themselves more hard-pressed than he, and
occasionally had been forced to make good on their notes when they found it
impossible to do so. He had spent money lavishly on his libraries and the
arts, on Monticello, and on his children's education. His passion for
architecture cost him a smal
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